Interaksi Budaya

Nama   : Jwiatun Surani
NPM   : 16609715
Kelas   : 4SA02
Matkul : Interaksi Budaya

CULTURE

Meaning of Culture

Culture literally comes from the Latin meaning of Colere who have worked the land, cultivate, maintain the fields (according Soerjanto Poespowardojo 1993). Additionally Culture or culture that is derived daribahasa buddhayah Sanskrit, which is the plural form of buddhi (mind or reason) is defined as matters relating to the mind and human reason. As for the term of Culture is a grand and expensive, of course, because she was created from the taste, the work, willing, and that all human creativity is a trait that exists only on manusia.Tak any other being has grace so that it is something that the great and expensive According Koentjaraningrat culture is a whole system of ideas and products of human action within the framework of community life that have made human beings by means of learning.

The definition of culture according to experts

The following definitions of culture put forward some experts:

1. Edward B. Taylor

Culture is a complex whole, the knowledge contained therein, belief, art, morals, law, indigenous customs, and other capabilities acquired by man as a member of the community.

2. M. Jacobs and B.J. Stern

Culture includes all forms of technology that includes social, ideological, religious, and arts and objects, all of which is the social heritage.

3. Koentjaraningrat

Culture is a whole system of ideas, actions, and the work of humans in the context of community life that's self-made man with relajar.

4. Dr. K. Kupper

Culture is a system of ideas that guide and driver for humans in attitude and behavior, either individually or in groups.

5. William H. Haviland

Culture is a set of rules and norms shared by members of the community, which if carried out by its members will bear behavior that is deemed feasible and can be accepted by all societies.

6. Ki Hajar Dewantara

Culture means the fruit of the human mind is the result of mankind's struggle against two powerful influences, namely the age and nature which is a testament to the triumph of human life to overcome the obstacles and hardships in life and livelihood in order to achieve salvation and happiness that the birth is orderly and peaceful.

7. Francis Merrill

• The patterns of behavior generated by social interaction

• All behavior and all products produced by someone as a member of a society that is found through symbolic interaction.

8. Bounded et.al

Culture is something that is formed by the development and transmission of human beliefs through certain symbols, such as language symbols as a series of symbols used to shift the cultural beliefs among members of a society. The messages about the culture that is expected can be found in the media, government, religious institutions, educational systems and the like.

9. Mitchell (Dictionary of Soriblogy)

Culture is a partial repetition of action or the whole of human activity and human-generated products that have been popular in the community socially and not simply transferred genetikal.

10. Robert H. Lowie

Culture is everything that is received by the individual from society, including beliefs, customs, artistic norms, eating habits, a skill that was obtained was not of his own creativity, but a legacy of the past which can be through formal or informal.

11. Archaeologists R. Seokmono

Culture is the result of human effort, either an object or just a fruit of thought and in life.
Culture is a set of rules and norms shared by members of the community, which if carried out by its members will bear behavior that is deemed feasible and can be accepted by all societies.

Types of Culture

Culture can be divided into 3 different views of the state

the types:

• Life-human inwardness, which is something that raises an orderly peaceful society living with customs, land administration, religion or mysticism

• human delusion, that is something that can lead to sublime language, literature and morality.

• the human intellect, which is something that raises a variety of intelligence about the company land, commerce, crafts, shipping, traffic relations, the arts are manifold; everything is beautiful (Dewantara; 1994).

Culture is based on his form

According J.J. Hoenigman, a form of culture can be divided into three, namely:

• Ideas (Being an ideal)

Ideal form of culture is the culture that shaped collection of ideas, ideas, values, norms, rules, and so forth that are abstract; can not be felt or touched. Culture form is located in the heads or in the nature of thinking citizens. If the community's expressed their ideas in written form, then the location of an ideal culture that is in the books of essays and works of writers such citizens.

• Activity (action)

Activity is the manifestation of culture as a pattern of human action in society. This form often referred to the social system. The social system is composed of human activities interact with each other, making contact, and mingle with other humans according to certain patterns of behavior are based on customs procedures. Concrete nature, occurring in everyday life, and can be observed and documented.

• Artifacts (work)

Artifacts are the physical manifestation of culture in the form of the results of activities, actions, and the work of all men in society in the form of objects or things that can be touched, seen, and documented. Its third among the most concrete manifestation of culture.
In the reality of social life, between one culture form which can not be separated from another culture form. For example: culture form an ideal set up and give direction to the actions (activities) and work (artifacts) humans.

Based on its form, the culture can be classified of two main components:

• Culture of material

Material culture is the culture that refers to all the community's creation of the real, concrete. Examples of material culture are the findings resulting from an archaeological dig: clay bowl, perhisalan, weapons, and so on. Cultural material includes items such as televisions, airplanes, sports stadiums, clothing, skyscrapers, and washing machines.

• Culture nonmaterial

Nonmaterial culture are abstract creations passed down from generation to generation, such as fairy tales, folklore, and songs or traditional dances.

SOME DEFINITIONS

• Culture refers to the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.
• Culture is the systems of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people.
• Culture is communication, communication is culture.
• Culture in its broadest sense is cultivated behavior; that is the totality of a person's learned, accumulated experience which is socially transmitted, or more briefly, behavior through social learning.
• A culture is a way of life of a group of people--the behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept, generally without thinking about them, and that are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next.
• Culture is symbolic communication. Some of its symbols include a group's skills, knowledge, attitudes, values, and motives. The meanings of the symbols are learned and deliberately perpetuated in a society through its institutions.
• Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values; culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, on the other hand, as conditioning influences upon further action.
• Culture is the sum of total of the learned behavior of a group of people that are generally considered to be the tradition of that people and are transmitted from generation to generation.
• Culture is a collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another.

References:

www.docstoc.com

http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/choudhury/culture.html

TUGAS JURNALISTIK 2

Nama  :  JWIATUN SURANI/16609715

Kelas   :  3SA02

INFO KESEHATAN

I.      DEMAM

Demam adalah suatu bagian penting dari mekanisme pertahanan tubuh melawan infeksi. Kebanyakan bakteri dan virus yang menyebabkan infeksi pada manusia hidup subur pada suhu 37 derajat Celcius. Meningkatnya suhu tubuh beberapa derajat dapat membantu tubuh melawan infeksi. Demam akan mengaktifkan sistem kekebalan tubuh untuk membuat lebih banyak sel darah putih, membuat lebih banyak antibodi dan membuat lebih banyak zat-zat lain untuk melawan infeksi. 

Demam bukanlah penyakit, tetapi reaksi pertahanan tubuh terhadap cedera atau infeksi. Tubuh menghasilkan panas lebih banyak dan mencoba mempertahankan suhu tingginya agar metabolisme berlangsung lebih cepat. Suhu tubuh yang tinggi itu juga menghambat perkembangan kuman dan bakteri. Ketika demam, tubuh akan mendinginkan diri dengan melebarkan pembuluh darah sehingga panas dapat keluar melalui kulit (keringat). Hal ini membuat tubuh menggigil.

Anak-anak biasanya terserang demam lebih tinggi dari pada orang dewasa.

Bila anak Anda kelihatan kuat dan tidak mengalami kejang, demam mungkin tidak memerlukan pengobatan. Jika anak Anda tidak sehat, Anda dapat memberikan sirup atau tablet penurun panas. Beberapa saran untuk perawatan:

§  Usahakan anak minum secara teratur untuk mencegah dehidrasi.

§  Biarkan anak banyak beristirahat dan tidur untuk memulihkan diri.

§  Kenakan baju tipis pada anak agar panasnya keluar.

Demam yang melebihi 3 hari mungkin merupakan malaria atau penyakit yang disebabkan oleh nyamuk lainnya.

II.    DEMAM BERDARAH 

Demam berdarah (DB) adalah penyakit demam akut yang disebabkan oleh virus dengue, yang masuk ke peredaran darah manusia melalui gigitan nyamuk dari genus Aedes, misalnya Aedes aegypti atau Aedes albopictus. Terdapat empat jenis virus dengue berbeda, namun berelasi dekat, yang dapat menyebabkan demam berdarah. Virus dengue merupakan virus dari genus Flavivirus, famili Flaviviridae. Penyakit demam berdarah ditemukan di daerah tropis dan subtropis di berbagai belahan dunia, terutama di musim hujan yang lembap. Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) memperkirakan setiap tahunnya terdapat 50-100 juta kasus infeksi virus dengue di seluruh dunia.

Perbedaan Demam dengue dan demam berdarah dengue (DBD). Meski perjalanan awal penyakit ini hampir mirip, namun dua penyakit infeksi virus dengue ini memiliki tingkat kegawatan berbeda.

Demam dengue dan demam berdarah dengue (DBD) adalah penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh virus dengue yang ditularkan melalui gigitan nyamuk Aedes Aegypti. Infeksi virus dengue menyebar dengan cepat dan dapat menyerang banyak orang pada masa epidemik. Kondisi lebih parah dialami oleh anak-anak.

DBD merupakan bentuk yang lebih parah dari demam dengue karena perdarahan dan syok terkadang dapat terjadi yang dapat berakibat fatal, yakni kematian. 

Demam dengue

§  Demam akut selama 2-7 hari, disertai sakit kepala, nyeri otot dan sendi

§  Bisa disertai penurunan trombosit.

§  Panas akan turun pada hari ketiga atau keempat.

§  Tingkat penyembuhannya lebih baik.

DBD:

§  Demam tinggi mendadak, disertai nyeri kepala, nyeri di bagian belakang bola mata, terkadang juga nyeri perut.

§  Ada tanda ruam atau bintaik merah di kulit

§  Tidak disertai dengan batuk atau sakit di tenggorokan.

§  Trombosit dan leukosit turun (kurang dari 100.000)

§  Terjadi peningkatan hematokrit (naik 20 persen dari jumlah normal).

§  Perdarahan pada jaringan lunak (hidung, mulut, atau gusi).

§  Terjadi perembesan plasma. Makin bocor bisa menyebabkan syok. 

III.  Demam Malaria

Malaria adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh parasit bernama Plasmodium. Penyakit ini ditularkan melalui gigitan nyamuk yang terinfeksi parasit tersebut.  Di dalam tubuh manusia, parasit Plasmodium akan berkembang biak di organ hati kemudian menginfeksi sel darah merah. Pasien yang terinfeksi oleh malaria akan menunjukan gejala awal menyerupai penyakit influenza, namun bila tidak diobati maka dapat terjadi komplikasi yang berujung pada kematian.  Penyakit ini paling banyak terjadi di daerah tropis dan subtropis di mana parasit Plasmodium dapat berkembang baik begitu pula dengan vektor nyamuk Anopheles.

Daerah selatan Sahara di Afrika dan Papua Nugini di Oceania merupakan tempat-tempat dengan angka kejadian malaria tertinggi.

Berdasarkan data di dunia, penyakit malaria membunuh satu anak setiap 30 detik. Sekitar 300-500 juta orang terinfeksi dan sekitar 1 juta orang meninggal karena penyakit ini setiap tahunnya. 90% kematian terjadi di Afrika, terutama pada anak-anak.

Tanda dan Gejala Penyakit malaria

Masa tunas / inkubasi penyakit ini dapat beberapa hari sampai beberapa bulan yang kemudian barulah muncul tanda dan gejala yang dikeluhkan oleh penderita seperti demam, menggigil, linu atau nyeri persendian, kadang sampai muntah, tampak pucat / anemis, hati serta limpa membesar, air kencing tampak keruh / pekat karena mengandung Hemoglobin (Hemoglobinuria), terasa geli pada kulit dan mengalami kekejangan.

Namun demikian, tanda yang klasik ditampakkan adalah adanya perasaan tiba-tiba kedinginan yang diikuti dengan kekakuan dan kemudian munculnya demam dan banyak berkeringat setelah 4 sampai 6 jam kemudian, hal ini berlangsung tiap dua hari. Diantara masa tersebut, mungkin penderita merasa sehat seperti sediakala. Pada usia anak-anak serangan malaria dapat menimbulkan gejala aneh, misalnya menunjukkan gerakan / postur tubuh yang abnormal sebagai akibat tekanan rongga otak. Bahkan lebih serius lagi dapat menyebabkan kerusakan otak.

IV.  ITP

ITP adalah singkatan dari Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. 'Idiopathic'berarti 'tidak diketahui penyebabnya'.'Thrombocytopenic' berarti 'darah yang tidak cukup memiliki sel darah merah (trombosit). 'Purpura' berartiseseorang memiliki luka memar yang banyak (berlebihan).

Dalam tubuh seseorang yang menderita ITP, sel-sel darahnya kecuali sel darah merah berada dalam jumlah yang normal. Sel darah merah (Platelets) adalah sel-sel sangat kecil yang menutupi area tubuh paska luka atau akibat teriris/terpotong dan kemudian membentuk bekuan darah. Seseorang dengan sel darah merah yang terlalu sedikit dalam tubuhnya akan sangat mudah mengalamiluka memar dan bahkan mengalami perdarahan dalam periode cukup lama setelah mengalami trauma luka. Kadang bintik-bintik kecil merah (disebut Petechiae) muncul pula pada permukaan kulitnya. Jika jumlah sel darah merah ini sangat rendah, penderita ITP bisa juga mengalami mimisan yang sukar berhenti, atau mengalami perdarahan dalam organ ususnya.

Penyebab ITP ini tidak diketahui. Seseorang yang menderita ITP, dalam tubuhnya membentuk antibodi yang mampu menghancurkan sel-sel darah merahnya. Dalam kondisi normal, antibodi adalah respons tubuh yang sehat terhadap bakteri atau virus yang masuk ke dalam tubuh. Tetapi untuk penderita ITP, antibodinya bahkan menyerang sel-sel darah merah tubuhnya sendiri.

Gejala klinis bervariasi tergantung jumlah trombosit serta kadar antibodi platelet. Anemia baru didapatkan bila terjadi perdarahan hebat. Gejala ITP sendiri biasanya pelahan-lahan dengan riwayat mudah berdarah dengan trauma maupun tanpa trauma. Pada umumnya bentuk perdarahannya ialah purpura pada kulit dan mukosa [hidung, gusi, saluran makanan dan traktus urogenital].

Dan mungkin pada sebagian besar kasus ITP pada anak, awalnya akan didiagnosa dengan DHF dengan manifestasi perdarahan [grade III-IV], tapi seperti yang disebutkan diatas, pada ITP tidak didapatkan demam, pembesaran limpa dan tidak ada peningkatan hematokrit.

V.   Demam Tifoid

Demam tifoid, atau  typhoid  juga disebut typhus atau types dalam bahasa Indonesianya, adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Salmonella enterica, khususnya turunannya yaitu  Salmonella  Typhi. Penyebaran bakteri ke dalam makanan dan minuman bisa terjadi akibat pencucian tangan yang kurang bersih setelah buang air besar maupun air kecil.

Penyakit demam Tifoid ini bisa menyerang saat kuman tersebut masuk melalui makanan atau minuman, sehingga terjadi infeksi saluran pencernaan yaitu usus halus. Dan melalui peredaran darah, kuman sampai di organ tubuh terutama hati dan limpa. Ia kemudian berkembang biak dalam hati dan limpa yang menyebabkan rasa nyeri saat diraba.

Setelah infeksi terjadi akan muncul satu atau beberapa gejala berikut ini:

§ demam tinggi dari 39° sampai 40 °C (103° sampai 104 °F) yang meningkat secara perlahan

§  tubuh menggigil

§  denyut jantung lemah 

§  badan lemah ("weakness")

§  sakit kepala

§  nyeri otot 

§  hilang nafsu makan

§  sakit perut

§  pada kasus tertentu muncul penyebaran vlek merah muda ("rose spots")

references :

-          http://id.wikipedia.org

-          http://dranak.blogspot.com

-          http://hidupdenganitp.blogspot.com/

-          http://www.infopenyakit.com

The Effects of Social Network

Name : Jwiatun Surani


The Effects of Social Network



Development of information technology based internet has been growing at this time. One of the most favorite sites of the internet is social network. Technological developments bring positive and negative impacts. So also with the social network, it takes effect positive and negative for users. Such as
The positive impact of networking social are Children and teenagers can learn to develop technical and social skills are highly in today. They will learn how to adapt, socialize with the public and manage a network of friends. in addition, Expanding the network of friends, children and teenagers will be more easily made friends with other people around the world, although most of which they have never met directly.
The negative impact of networking social are Children and teenagers become lazy to learn to communicate in the real world. Level of language comprehension becomes impaired. If the child is too much communication in cyberspace, then the knowledge of the ins and outs of communicating in real life, such as discussing the body and tone of voice, to be reduced. Social networking sites will make children and teenagers are more selfish. They become aware of their surroundings, because most of the time spent on the internet. This can result in children being less empathetic in the real world.
By using social networking, making a lot of friends. Teenagers can maintain friendly relations, though not able to meet physically. But be aware also in the social networking site can be fertile ground for predators to commit a crime. We will never know if someone who has known on the internet, using a real identity. Many of them manipulate their identity to cover up the crimes they do. should remain cautious and vigilant in making friends in social networking.

Article source :
http://jazi.blogdetik.com/index.php/2011/10/08/dampak-positif-dan-negatif-jejaring-sosial/

Tourism in Indonesia

Name : Jwiatun Surani/16609715
Class : 3SA02





SONGGORITI

Ladies and gentlemen, now I will invite you to visit tourism object in Malang. The name is Songgoriti, let’s begin our trip.
Songgoriti is located in Songgokerto village, Batu district, under the hillside of Mount Panderman and has a hot spring pool. There is temple Songgoriti and Ganesha Statue as the empire omission of Singosari and Dutch era. Songgoriti Temple is located in a dale dissociating between mountainsides of Arjuna with mountainside of Kawi. This temple has built with a hot spring, which had believed able to heal various diseases. Seen from its simple architecture style, this temple classified as eldest temple in Central Java and the decoration described Central Java manner.
Songgoriti tourism object is surrounded by nature scenery, so that it has fresh and cool air. This object is very interesting for anyone who wants to walk around for having relaxed or feel the real nature nuance. That’s all, I hope you enjoy your trip. Thank you

Tourism in South Korea

Name : Jwiatun Surani/16609715
Class : 3SA02





Bukhansan

Ladies and gentlemen, next I will invite you to visit another tourism object in Korea. The name is Bukhasan, let’s begin our trip.
Bukhansan, or Bukhan Mountain, is a mountain on the northern peripheries of Seoul,South Korea. At 836.5 meters above sea level and bordering a considerable part of the city, Bukhansan is a major landmark visible from most districts of the metropolis. The name "Bukhansan" means "Mountain north of the Han," referring to its location approximately ten kilometers to the north of the Han River. During the Joseon era, the peaks marked the extreme northern point of Seoul. Popular throughout the year, Bukhansan, and Bukhansan National Park is renowned for birdwatching, hiking and rockclimbing.
There is a current movement to have the name of Bukhansan reverted. For many years up until now, the three main peaks of the park have collectively been called "Bukhansan"; however, the original collective name of the these three peaks was Samkaksan, meaning "three horned mountains". The head of the Gangbuk-gu District Office in Seoul is leading a petition to have the central government change the name back to the original. That’s all, I hope you enjoy your trip. Thank you.