Cultural Interaction

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1  Background of the Problem

Society is a group of people who live in the region, they have a common culture, which interact in a social relationship. Society that live in a particular area from generation to generation and evolving, they called the natives. The natives, cultivate and divide the land in the region by using customary law. They manage territory with farming or grow crops.

Along with the changing times and encouragement to meet the needs of the economy, many areas such as in Jakarta and surrounding areas began fulfill by immigrants, or any other term is urban. The existence of any native began eviction with the arrival of immigrants who also began to grow in their region.

In everyday social life there was a cultural interaction between natives and migrants. Culture they use are the original culture from each other. So that, much going on the possibility of different views and ordinances in their interaction in the region.

Different views and ordinances are sometimes difficult to be accepted by both sides. Often conflicts arise in the community for those who cannot accept or understand  each other. Not infrequently these interactions might affect each culture.

Cultural interaction between natives and immigrants are acceptable either, making the environment safe and comfortable. Even the collaboration making the region advanced in all fields. There have been a profitable reciprocal relationship between them.

The influence of immigrants that may arise in the natives, affecting aspects of life such as cultural, economic and social. The effect is to bring changes in every region who accept the existence of migrants.

1.2  Problem Formulation

What are the positive influence of immigrants on natives ?

  

  

  

CHAPTER 3

METHOD OF THE STUDY

3.1 Kinds of method

In this paper, the writer uses qualitative method showing the analysis data appears. It describes society, culture and interaction.

3.2 The source of the Data

As source of the data, the writer uses internet and society in the neighborhood.

3.3 Technique of collecting data

To discover the analysis data of cultural interaction, the writer observed the life and lifestyle between the natives and the migrants. The steps that the writer took are:

1.      Observing the behavior of natives and immigrants in neighborhood

2.      Comparison lifestyle between natives and immigrants.

CHAPTER 4

RESULT OF THE STUDY

The natives in the neighborhood author is resident who has lived generations in the region. They have an extensive family land. The land is distributed to their children for survival. Most of them are poorly educated and worked as unskilled laborers. They farming and sell their crops in the market or local residents. There also has home rental business.

The immigrants began to enter into the territory by way of renting a house or buy a house and land from the natives. So many natives began to displaced and away from the homeland. So that presence of immigrants became very strong from there, began to pass cultural interaction between them.

Interaction occurs when their everyday activities. When they meet at a place of worship, tavern and events are regularly held in their neighborhood. From social interaction until the cultural interaction.

     

Along with the development of the migrants who came from the Javanese, Sundanese, Batak, etc.. Then the culture is starting to collaborate. Javanese culture is simple, polite and respect others have influenced them to act and speak. And cultures of other groups they could receive a positive thing and give a new color to their culture.

One example of cultural interaction that took place between them as when holding the wedding. Local cultural events, usually an application, from the groom to the bride by giving gifts such as beds, wardrobes, tables and chairs and a variety of foods. And they hold the wedding by giving treats snacks like cakes and fruits. Do not miss the musical stage entertainment to entertain local residents.

Now in terms of the wedding dowry, they rarely provide furniture for prospective bride. They replaced it with giving money, without the hassle of carrying heavy items. In the wedding they started giving various kinds of dishes.

In terms of family income, the effect of the existence of of immigrants bring many benefits for Native. immigrants help the economy of native, by working to help clean the house or keep the house while its owner works. These relationships also makes the two sides learn to respect, mutual help and keep harmony among them.

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

Cultural interactions can occur when both sides are able to properly receive input from each. mutual respect and appreciate the key harmony in coexistence. cultural influences that both add new colors for Native.

5.2 Suggestion

Cultural differences and views should not be a problem in the interaction and daily life. because, questioning the difference only bring conflict and misery for the people who want to live in peace.

References :

-       en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society

-       id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaksi

      

Interaksi Budaya

Nama   : Jwiatun Surani
NPM   : 16609715
Kelas   : 4SA02
Matkul : Interaksi Budaya

CULTURE

Meaning of Culture

Culture literally comes from the Latin meaning of Colere who have worked the land, cultivate, maintain the fields (according Soerjanto Poespowardojo 1993). Additionally Culture or culture that is derived daribahasa buddhayah Sanskrit, which is the plural form of buddhi (mind or reason) is defined as matters relating to the mind and human reason. As for the term of Culture is a grand and expensive, of course, because she was created from the taste, the work, willing, and that all human creativity is a trait that exists only on manusia.Tak any other being has grace so that it is something that the great and expensive According Koentjaraningrat culture is a whole system of ideas and products of human action within the framework of community life that have made human beings by means of learning.

The definition of culture according to experts

The following definitions of culture put forward some experts:

1. Edward B. Taylor

Culture is a complex whole, the knowledge contained therein, belief, art, morals, law, indigenous customs, and other capabilities acquired by man as a member of the community.

2. M. Jacobs and B.J. Stern

Culture includes all forms of technology that includes social, ideological, religious, and arts and objects, all of which is the social heritage.

3. Koentjaraningrat

Culture is a whole system of ideas, actions, and the work of humans in the context of community life that's self-made man with relajar.

4. Dr. K. Kupper

Culture is a system of ideas that guide and driver for humans in attitude and behavior, either individually or in groups.

5. William H. Haviland

Culture is a set of rules and norms shared by members of the community, which if carried out by its members will bear behavior that is deemed feasible and can be accepted by all societies.

6. Ki Hajar Dewantara

Culture means the fruit of the human mind is the result of mankind's struggle against two powerful influences, namely the age and nature which is a testament to the triumph of human life to overcome the obstacles and hardships in life and livelihood in order to achieve salvation and happiness that the birth is orderly and peaceful.

7. Francis Merrill

• The patterns of behavior generated by social interaction

• All behavior and all products produced by someone as a member of a society that is found through symbolic interaction.

8. Bounded et.al

Culture is something that is formed by the development and transmission of human beliefs through certain symbols, such as language symbols as a series of symbols used to shift the cultural beliefs among members of a society. The messages about the culture that is expected can be found in the media, government, religious institutions, educational systems and the like.

9. Mitchell (Dictionary of Soriblogy)

Culture is a partial repetition of action or the whole of human activity and human-generated products that have been popular in the community socially and not simply transferred genetikal.

10. Robert H. Lowie

Culture is everything that is received by the individual from society, including beliefs, customs, artistic norms, eating habits, a skill that was obtained was not of his own creativity, but a legacy of the past which can be through formal or informal.

11. Archaeologists R. Seokmono

Culture is the result of human effort, either an object or just a fruit of thought and in life.
Culture is a set of rules and norms shared by members of the community, which if carried out by its members will bear behavior that is deemed feasible and can be accepted by all societies.

Types of Culture

Culture can be divided into 3 different views of the state

the types:

• Life-human inwardness, which is something that raises an orderly peaceful society living with customs, land administration, religion or mysticism

• human delusion, that is something that can lead to sublime language, literature and morality.

• the human intellect, which is something that raises a variety of intelligence about the company land, commerce, crafts, shipping, traffic relations, the arts are manifold; everything is beautiful (Dewantara; 1994).

Culture is based on his form

According J.J. Hoenigman, a form of culture can be divided into three, namely:

• Ideas (Being an ideal)

Ideal form of culture is the culture that shaped collection of ideas, ideas, values, norms, rules, and so forth that are abstract; can not be felt or touched. Culture form is located in the heads or in the nature of thinking citizens. If the community's expressed their ideas in written form, then the location of an ideal culture that is in the books of essays and works of writers such citizens.

• Activity (action)

Activity is the manifestation of culture as a pattern of human action in society. This form often referred to the social system. The social system is composed of human activities interact with each other, making contact, and mingle with other humans according to certain patterns of behavior are based on customs procedures. Concrete nature, occurring in everyday life, and can be observed and documented.

• Artifacts (work)

Artifacts are the physical manifestation of culture in the form of the results of activities, actions, and the work of all men in society in the form of objects or things that can be touched, seen, and documented. Its third among the most concrete manifestation of culture.
In the reality of social life, between one culture form which can not be separated from another culture form. For example: culture form an ideal set up and give direction to the actions (activities) and work (artifacts) humans.

Based on its form, the culture can be classified of two main components:

• Culture of material

Material culture is the culture that refers to all the community's creation of the real, concrete. Examples of material culture are the findings resulting from an archaeological dig: clay bowl, perhisalan, weapons, and so on. Cultural material includes items such as televisions, airplanes, sports stadiums, clothing, skyscrapers, and washing machines.

• Culture nonmaterial

Nonmaterial culture are abstract creations passed down from generation to generation, such as fairy tales, folklore, and songs or traditional dances.

SOME DEFINITIONS

• Culture refers to the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.
• Culture is the systems of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people.
• Culture is communication, communication is culture.
• Culture in its broadest sense is cultivated behavior; that is the totality of a person's learned, accumulated experience which is socially transmitted, or more briefly, behavior through social learning.
• A culture is a way of life of a group of people--the behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept, generally without thinking about them, and that are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next.
• Culture is symbolic communication. Some of its symbols include a group's skills, knowledge, attitudes, values, and motives. The meanings of the symbols are learned and deliberately perpetuated in a society through its institutions.
• Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values; culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, on the other hand, as conditioning influences upon further action.
• Culture is the sum of total of the learned behavior of a group of people that are generally considered to be the tradition of that people and are transmitted from generation to generation.
• Culture is a collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another.

References:

www.docstoc.com

http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/choudhury/culture.html

TUGAS JURNALISTIK 2

Nama  :  JWIATUN SURANI/16609715

Kelas   :  3SA02

INFO KESEHATAN

I.      DEMAM

Demam adalah suatu bagian penting dari mekanisme pertahanan tubuh melawan infeksi. Kebanyakan bakteri dan virus yang menyebabkan infeksi pada manusia hidup subur pada suhu 37 derajat Celcius. Meningkatnya suhu tubuh beberapa derajat dapat membantu tubuh melawan infeksi. Demam akan mengaktifkan sistem kekebalan tubuh untuk membuat lebih banyak sel darah putih, membuat lebih banyak antibodi dan membuat lebih banyak zat-zat lain untuk melawan infeksi. 

Demam bukanlah penyakit, tetapi reaksi pertahanan tubuh terhadap cedera atau infeksi. Tubuh menghasilkan panas lebih banyak dan mencoba mempertahankan suhu tingginya agar metabolisme berlangsung lebih cepat. Suhu tubuh yang tinggi itu juga menghambat perkembangan kuman dan bakteri. Ketika demam, tubuh akan mendinginkan diri dengan melebarkan pembuluh darah sehingga panas dapat keluar melalui kulit (keringat). Hal ini membuat tubuh menggigil.

Anak-anak biasanya terserang demam lebih tinggi dari pada orang dewasa.

Bila anak Anda kelihatan kuat dan tidak mengalami kejang, demam mungkin tidak memerlukan pengobatan. Jika anak Anda tidak sehat, Anda dapat memberikan sirup atau tablet penurun panas. Beberapa saran untuk perawatan:

§  Usahakan anak minum secara teratur untuk mencegah dehidrasi.

§  Biarkan anak banyak beristirahat dan tidur untuk memulihkan diri.

§  Kenakan baju tipis pada anak agar panasnya keluar.

Demam yang melebihi 3 hari mungkin merupakan malaria atau penyakit yang disebabkan oleh nyamuk lainnya.

II.    DEMAM BERDARAH 

Demam berdarah (DB) adalah penyakit demam akut yang disebabkan oleh virus dengue, yang masuk ke peredaran darah manusia melalui gigitan nyamuk dari genus Aedes, misalnya Aedes aegypti atau Aedes albopictus. Terdapat empat jenis virus dengue berbeda, namun berelasi dekat, yang dapat menyebabkan demam berdarah. Virus dengue merupakan virus dari genus Flavivirus, famili Flaviviridae. Penyakit demam berdarah ditemukan di daerah tropis dan subtropis di berbagai belahan dunia, terutama di musim hujan yang lembap. Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) memperkirakan setiap tahunnya terdapat 50-100 juta kasus infeksi virus dengue di seluruh dunia.

Perbedaan Demam dengue dan demam berdarah dengue (DBD). Meski perjalanan awal penyakit ini hampir mirip, namun dua penyakit infeksi virus dengue ini memiliki tingkat kegawatan berbeda.

Demam dengue dan demam berdarah dengue (DBD) adalah penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh virus dengue yang ditularkan melalui gigitan nyamuk Aedes Aegypti. Infeksi virus dengue menyebar dengan cepat dan dapat menyerang banyak orang pada masa epidemik. Kondisi lebih parah dialami oleh anak-anak.

DBD merupakan bentuk yang lebih parah dari demam dengue karena perdarahan dan syok terkadang dapat terjadi yang dapat berakibat fatal, yakni kematian. 

Demam dengue

§  Demam akut selama 2-7 hari, disertai sakit kepala, nyeri otot dan sendi

§  Bisa disertai penurunan trombosit.

§  Panas akan turun pada hari ketiga atau keempat.

§  Tingkat penyembuhannya lebih baik.

DBD:

§  Demam tinggi mendadak, disertai nyeri kepala, nyeri di bagian belakang bola mata, terkadang juga nyeri perut.

§  Ada tanda ruam atau bintaik merah di kulit

§  Tidak disertai dengan batuk atau sakit di tenggorokan.

§  Trombosit dan leukosit turun (kurang dari 100.000)

§  Terjadi peningkatan hematokrit (naik 20 persen dari jumlah normal).

§  Perdarahan pada jaringan lunak (hidung, mulut, atau gusi).

§  Terjadi perembesan plasma. Makin bocor bisa menyebabkan syok. 

III.  Demam Malaria

Malaria adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh parasit bernama Plasmodium. Penyakit ini ditularkan melalui gigitan nyamuk yang terinfeksi parasit tersebut.  Di dalam tubuh manusia, parasit Plasmodium akan berkembang biak di organ hati kemudian menginfeksi sel darah merah. Pasien yang terinfeksi oleh malaria akan menunjukan gejala awal menyerupai penyakit influenza, namun bila tidak diobati maka dapat terjadi komplikasi yang berujung pada kematian.  Penyakit ini paling banyak terjadi di daerah tropis dan subtropis di mana parasit Plasmodium dapat berkembang baik begitu pula dengan vektor nyamuk Anopheles.

Daerah selatan Sahara di Afrika dan Papua Nugini di Oceania merupakan tempat-tempat dengan angka kejadian malaria tertinggi.

Berdasarkan data di dunia, penyakit malaria membunuh satu anak setiap 30 detik. Sekitar 300-500 juta orang terinfeksi dan sekitar 1 juta orang meninggal karena penyakit ini setiap tahunnya. 90% kematian terjadi di Afrika, terutama pada anak-anak.

Tanda dan Gejala Penyakit malaria

Masa tunas / inkubasi penyakit ini dapat beberapa hari sampai beberapa bulan yang kemudian barulah muncul tanda dan gejala yang dikeluhkan oleh penderita seperti demam, menggigil, linu atau nyeri persendian, kadang sampai muntah, tampak pucat / anemis, hati serta limpa membesar, air kencing tampak keruh / pekat karena mengandung Hemoglobin (Hemoglobinuria), terasa geli pada kulit dan mengalami kekejangan.

Namun demikian, tanda yang klasik ditampakkan adalah adanya perasaan tiba-tiba kedinginan yang diikuti dengan kekakuan dan kemudian munculnya demam dan banyak berkeringat setelah 4 sampai 6 jam kemudian, hal ini berlangsung tiap dua hari. Diantara masa tersebut, mungkin penderita merasa sehat seperti sediakala. Pada usia anak-anak serangan malaria dapat menimbulkan gejala aneh, misalnya menunjukkan gerakan / postur tubuh yang abnormal sebagai akibat tekanan rongga otak. Bahkan lebih serius lagi dapat menyebabkan kerusakan otak.

IV.  ITP

ITP adalah singkatan dari Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. 'Idiopathic'berarti 'tidak diketahui penyebabnya'.'Thrombocytopenic' berarti 'darah yang tidak cukup memiliki sel darah merah (trombosit). 'Purpura' berartiseseorang memiliki luka memar yang banyak (berlebihan).

Dalam tubuh seseorang yang menderita ITP, sel-sel darahnya kecuali sel darah merah berada dalam jumlah yang normal. Sel darah merah (Platelets) adalah sel-sel sangat kecil yang menutupi area tubuh paska luka atau akibat teriris/terpotong dan kemudian membentuk bekuan darah. Seseorang dengan sel darah merah yang terlalu sedikit dalam tubuhnya akan sangat mudah mengalamiluka memar dan bahkan mengalami perdarahan dalam periode cukup lama setelah mengalami trauma luka. Kadang bintik-bintik kecil merah (disebut Petechiae) muncul pula pada permukaan kulitnya. Jika jumlah sel darah merah ini sangat rendah, penderita ITP bisa juga mengalami mimisan yang sukar berhenti, atau mengalami perdarahan dalam organ ususnya.

Penyebab ITP ini tidak diketahui. Seseorang yang menderita ITP, dalam tubuhnya membentuk antibodi yang mampu menghancurkan sel-sel darah merahnya. Dalam kondisi normal, antibodi adalah respons tubuh yang sehat terhadap bakteri atau virus yang masuk ke dalam tubuh. Tetapi untuk penderita ITP, antibodinya bahkan menyerang sel-sel darah merah tubuhnya sendiri.

Gejala klinis bervariasi tergantung jumlah trombosit serta kadar antibodi platelet. Anemia baru didapatkan bila terjadi perdarahan hebat. Gejala ITP sendiri biasanya pelahan-lahan dengan riwayat mudah berdarah dengan trauma maupun tanpa trauma. Pada umumnya bentuk perdarahannya ialah purpura pada kulit dan mukosa [hidung, gusi, saluran makanan dan traktus urogenital].

Dan mungkin pada sebagian besar kasus ITP pada anak, awalnya akan didiagnosa dengan DHF dengan manifestasi perdarahan [grade III-IV], tapi seperti yang disebutkan diatas, pada ITP tidak didapatkan demam, pembesaran limpa dan tidak ada peningkatan hematokrit.

V.   Demam Tifoid

Demam tifoid, atau  typhoid  juga disebut typhus atau types dalam bahasa Indonesianya, adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Salmonella enterica, khususnya turunannya yaitu  Salmonella  Typhi. Penyebaran bakteri ke dalam makanan dan minuman bisa terjadi akibat pencucian tangan yang kurang bersih setelah buang air besar maupun air kecil.

Penyakit demam Tifoid ini bisa menyerang saat kuman tersebut masuk melalui makanan atau minuman, sehingga terjadi infeksi saluran pencernaan yaitu usus halus. Dan melalui peredaran darah, kuman sampai di organ tubuh terutama hati dan limpa. Ia kemudian berkembang biak dalam hati dan limpa yang menyebabkan rasa nyeri saat diraba.

Setelah infeksi terjadi akan muncul satu atau beberapa gejala berikut ini:

§ demam tinggi dari 39° sampai 40 °C (103° sampai 104 °F) yang meningkat secara perlahan

§  tubuh menggigil

§  denyut jantung lemah 

§  badan lemah ("weakness")

§  sakit kepala

§  nyeri otot 

§  hilang nafsu makan

§  sakit perut

§  pada kasus tertentu muncul penyebaran vlek merah muda ("rose spots")

references :

-          http://id.wikipedia.org

-          http://dranak.blogspot.com

-          http://hidupdenganitp.blogspot.com/

-          http://www.infopenyakit.com