Interaksi Budaya

Nama   : Jwiatun Surani
NPM   : 16609715
Kelas   : 4SA02
Matkul : Interaksi Budaya

CULTURE

Meaning of Culture

Culture literally comes from the Latin meaning of Colere who have worked the land, cultivate, maintain the fields (according Soerjanto Poespowardojo 1993). Additionally Culture or culture that is derived daribahasa buddhayah Sanskrit, which is the plural form of buddhi (mind or reason) is defined as matters relating to the mind and human reason. As for the term of Culture is a grand and expensive, of course, because she was created from the taste, the work, willing, and that all human creativity is a trait that exists only on manusia.Tak any other being has grace so that it is something that the great and expensive According Koentjaraningrat culture is a whole system of ideas and products of human action within the framework of community life that have made human beings by means of learning.

The definition of culture according to experts

The following definitions of culture put forward some experts:

1. Edward B. Taylor

Culture is a complex whole, the knowledge contained therein, belief, art, morals, law, indigenous customs, and other capabilities acquired by man as a member of the community.

2. M. Jacobs and B.J. Stern

Culture includes all forms of technology that includes social, ideological, religious, and arts and objects, all of which is the social heritage.

3. Koentjaraningrat

Culture is a whole system of ideas, actions, and the work of humans in the context of community life that's self-made man with relajar.

4. Dr. K. Kupper

Culture is a system of ideas that guide and driver for humans in attitude and behavior, either individually or in groups.

5. William H. Haviland

Culture is a set of rules and norms shared by members of the community, which if carried out by its members will bear behavior that is deemed feasible and can be accepted by all societies.

6. Ki Hajar Dewantara

Culture means the fruit of the human mind is the result of mankind's struggle against two powerful influences, namely the age and nature which is a testament to the triumph of human life to overcome the obstacles and hardships in life and livelihood in order to achieve salvation and happiness that the birth is orderly and peaceful.

7. Francis Merrill

• The patterns of behavior generated by social interaction

• All behavior and all products produced by someone as a member of a society that is found through symbolic interaction.

8. Bounded et.al

Culture is something that is formed by the development and transmission of human beliefs through certain symbols, such as language symbols as a series of symbols used to shift the cultural beliefs among members of a society. The messages about the culture that is expected can be found in the media, government, religious institutions, educational systems and the like.

9. Mitchell (Dictionary of Soriblogy)

Culture is a partial repetition of action or the whole of human activity and human-generated products that have been popular in the community socially and not simply transferred genetikal.

10. Robert H. Lowie

Culture is everything that is received by the individual from society, including beliefs, customs, artistic norms, eating habits, a skill that was obtained was not of his own creativity, but a legacy of the past which can be through formal or informal.

11. Archaeologists R. Seokmono

Culture is the result of human effort, either an object or just a fruit of thought and in life.
Culture is a set of rules and norms shared by members of the community, which if carried out by its members will bear behavior that is deemed feasible and can be accepted by all societies.

Types of Culture

Culture can be divided into 3 different views of the state

the types:

• Life-human inwardness, which is something that raises an orderly peaceful society living with customs, land administration, religion or mysticism

• human delusion, that is something that can lead to sublime language, literature and morality.

• the human intellect, which is something that raises a variety of intelligence about the company land, commerce, crafts, shipping, traffic relations, the arts are manifold; everything is beautiful (Dewantara; 1994).

Culture is based on his form

According J.J. Hoenigman, a form of culture can be divided into three, namely:

• Ideas (Being an ideal)

Ideal form of culture is the culture that shaped collection of ideas, ideas, values, norms, rules, and so forth that are abstract; can not be felt or touched. Culture form is located in the heads or in the nature of thinking citizens. If the community's expressed their ideas in written form, then the location of an ideal culture that is in the books of essays and works of writers such citizens.

• Activity (action)

Activity is the manifestation of culture as a pattern of human action in society. This form often referred to the social system. The social system is composed of human activities interact with each other, making contact, and mingle with other humans according to certain patterns of behavior are based on customs procedures. Concrete nature, occurring in everyday life, and can be observed and documented.

• Artifacts (work)

Artifacts are the physical manifestation of culture in the form of the results of activities, actions, and the work of all men in society in the form of objects or things that can be touched, seen, and documented. Its third among the most concrete manifestation of culture.
In the reality of social life, between one culture form which can not be separated from another culture form. For example: culture form an ideal set up and give direction to the actions (activities) and work (artifacts) humans.

Based on its form, the culture can be classified of two main components:

• Culture of material

Material culture is the culture that refers to all the community's creation of the real, concrete. Examples of material culture are the findings resulting from an archaeological dig: clay bowl, perhisalan, weapons, and so on. Cultural material includes items such as televisions, airplanes, sports stadiums, clothing, skyscrapers, and washing machines.

• Culture nonmaterial

Nonmaterial culture are abstract creations passed down from generation to generation, such as fairy tales, folklore, and songs or traditional dances.

SOME DEFINITIONS

• Culture refers to the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.
• Culture is the systems of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people.
• Culture is communication, communication is culture.
• Culture in its broadest sense is cultivated behavior; that is the totality of a person's learned, accumulated experience which is socially transmitted, or more briefly, behavior through social learning.
• A culture is a way of life of a group of people--the behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept, generally without thinking about them, and that are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next.
• Culture is symbolic communication. Some of its symbols include a group's skills, knowledge, attitudes, values, and motives. The meanings of the symbols are learned and deliberately perpetuated in a society through its institutions.
• Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values; culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, on the other hand, as conditioning influences upon further action.
• Culture is the sum of total of the learned behavior of a group of people that are generally considered to be the tradition of that people and are transmitted from generation to generation.
• Culture is a collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another.

References:

www.docstoc.com

http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/choudhury/culture.html