Nama : Jwiatun Surani
NPM : 16609715
Kelas : 4SA02
Matkul : Interaksi Budaya
CULTURE
Meaning of Culture
Culture
literally comes from the Latin meaning of Colere who have worked the land,
cultivate, maintain the fields (according Soerjanto Poespowardojo 1993).
Additionally Culture or culture that is derived daribahasa buddhayah Sanskrit,
which is the plural form of buddhi (mind or reason) is defined as matters
relating to the mind and human reason. As for the term of Culture is a grand
and expensive, of course, because she was created from the taste, the work,
willing, and that all human creativity is a trait that exists only on
manusia.Tak any other being has grace so that it is something that the great
and expensive According Koentjaraningrat culture is a whole system of ideas and
products of human action within the framework of community life that have made
human beings by means of learning.
The definition of
culture according to experts
The following definitions of culture
put forward some experts:
1. Edward B. Taylor
Culture is a complex whole, the
knowledge contained therein, belief, art, morals, law, indigenous customs, and
other capabilities acquired by man as a member of the community.
2. M. Jacobs and B.J. Stern
Culture includes all forms of
technology that includes social, ideological, religious, and arts and objects,
all of which is the social heritage.
3. Koentjaraningrat
Culture is a whole system of ideas,
actions, and the work of humans in the context of community life that's
self-made man with relajar.
4. Dr. K. Kupper
Culture is a system of ideas that
guide and driver for humans in attitude and behavior, either individually or in
groups.
5. William H. Haviland
Culture is a set of rules and norms
shared by members of the community, which if carried out by its members will
bear behavior that is deemed feasible and can be accepted by all societies.
6. Ki Hajar Dewantara
Culture means the fruit of the human
mind is the result of mankind's struggle against two powerful influences,
namely the age and nature which is a testament to the triumph of human life to
overcome the obstacles and hardships in life and livelihood in order to achieve
salvation and happiness that the birth is orderly and peaceful.
7. Francis Merrill
• The patterns of behavior generated
by social interaction
• All behavior and all products
produced by someone as a member of a society that is found through symbolic
interaction.
8. Bounded et.al
Culture is something that is formed by
the development and transmission of human beliefs through certain symbols, such
as language symbols as a series of symbols used to shift the cultural beliefs
among members of a society. The messages about the culture that is expected can
be found in the media, government, religious institutions, educational systems
and the like.
9. Mitchell (Dictionary of Soriblogy)
Culture is a partial repetition of
action or the whole of human activity and human-generated products that have
been popular in the community socially and not simply transferred genetikal.
10. Robert H. Lowie
Culture is everything that is received
by the individual from society, including beliefs, customs, artistic norms,
eating habits, a skill that was obtained was not of his own creativity, but a
legacy of the past which can be through formal or informal.
11. Archaeologists R. Seokmono
Culture is the result of human effort,
either an object or just a fruit of thought and in life.
Culture is a set of rules and norms shared by members of
the community, which if carried out by its members will bear behavior that is
deemed feasible and can be accepted by all societies.
Types of Culture
Culture can be divided into 3 different views of the state
the types:
• Life-human inwardness, which is something that raises an
orderly peaceful society living with customs, land administration, religion or
mysticism
• human delusion, that is something that can lead to
sublime language, literature and morality.
• the human intellect, which is something that raises a
variety of intelligence about the company land, commerce, crafts, shipping,
traffic relations, the arts are manifold; everything is beautiful (Dewantara;
1994).
Culture is based on
his form
According J.J. Hoenigman, a form of culture can be divided
into
three, namely:
• Ideas (Being an ideal)
Ideal form of culture is the culture that shaped
collection of ideas, ideas, values, norms, rules, and so forth that are
abstract; can not be felt or touched. Culture form is located in the heads or
in the nature of thinking citizens. If the community's expressed their ideas in
written form, then the location of an ideal culture that is in the books of
essays and works of writers such citizens.
• Activity (action)
Activity is the manifestation of culture as a pattern of
human action in society. This form often referred to the social system. The
social system is composed of human activities interact with each other, making
contact, and mingle with other humans according to certain patterns of behavior
are based on customs procedures. Concrete nature, occurring in everyday life,
and can be observed and documented.
• Artifacts (work)
Artifacts are the physical manifestation of culture in the
form of the results of activities, actions, and the work of all men in society
in the form of objects or things that can be touched, seen, and documented. Its
third among the most concrete manifestation of culture.
In the reality of social life, between one culture form
which can not be separated from another culture form. For example: culture form
an ideal set up and give direction to the actions (activities) and work
(artifacts) humans.
Based on its form,
the culture can be classified of two main
components:
• Culture of material
Material culture is the culture that refers to all the
community's creation of the real, concrete. Examples of material culture are the
findings resulting from an archaeological dig: clay bowl, perhisalan, weapons,
and so on. Cultural material includes items such as televisions, airplanes,
sports stadiums, clothing, skyscrapers, and washing machines.
• Culture nonmaterial
Nonmaterial culture are abstract creations passed down
from generation to generation, such as fairy tales, folklore, and songs or
traditional dances.
SOME DEFINITIONS
- Culture
refers to the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs,
values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time,
roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects
and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations
through individual and group striving.
- Culture
is the systems of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people.
- Culture
is communication, communication is culture.
- Culture
in its broadest sense is cultivated behavior; that is the totality of a
person's learned, accumulated experience which is socially transmitted, or
more briefly, behavior through social learning.
- A culture
is a way of life of a group of people--the behaviors, beliefs, values, and
symbols that they accept, generally without thinking about them, and that
are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the
next.
- Culture
is symbolic communication. Some of its symbols include a group's skills,
knowledge, attitudes, values, and motives. The meanings of the symbols are
learned and deliberately perpetuated in a society through its
institutions.
- Culture
consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired
and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of
human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core
of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached
values; culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of
action, on the other hand, as conditioning influences upon further action.
- Culture
is the sum of total of the learned behavior of a group of people that are
generally considered to be the tradition of that people and are
transmitted from generation to generation.
- Culture
is a collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of
one group or category of people from another.
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